← All Side Quests
Oct 21, 2026Data

More Than a Percent

See how ordinary U.S. import duties are written across food and farm products.

Try the project ↓
How to use this project

Help

How to explore

The United States assigns imported goods to precise legal lines. A line's ordinary duty can be free, a percentage of value, an amount per unit, or a formula that combines several instructions.

  1. Choose a product group

    Start with prepared fruit and vegetables or open another chapter of the schedule.

  2. Compare rate forms

    See how many lines are free, percentage-based, per-unit, or combined formulas.

  3. Read percentage rates

    Move the threshold and compare the middle percentage-only rate across chapters.

  4. Look up a tariff line

    Search a food name or eight-digit code and read the exact ordinary rate.

Tariff line
One eight-digit legal product category in the U.S. tariff schedule; it is more specific than an everyday food name.
Ordinary duty
The default rate for imports from countries with normal trade relations, before special programmes or added duties.
Customs value
The value used to calculate a percentage-based duty.
Per-unit rate
A charge based on quantity, such as cents per kilogram or liter.
Schedule chapter
A broad numbered product group; chapters 1–24 cover food, agricultural goods, beverages, and tobacco.
Side Quest / DataOpen prepared fruit and vegetables, compare its four rate forms, move the percentage threshold, then search an exact tariff line by food name or code.

U.S. food and farm duties · 2025

More than
a percent

See how ordinary U.S. import duties are written across food and farm products.

A tariff can be free, a percentage of value, an amount per kilogram or liter, or a formula that combines them. The schedule splits products into precise legal lines, so two familiar foods can face very different instructions.

Customs desk2025

Ordinary duty as written

Fresh bananasFREE
Orange juice7.85¢ / L
Peanut butter*131.8%

*One specific tariff line outside named quota provisions. A product name alone does not determine the rate.

2,162 LINES READ
01 · Choose a product group

Start with one part of the schedule.

These are chapters 1–24 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule. Choose a tile to carry that group through every view.

02 · Compare rate forms

Prepared fruit and vegetables uses four kinds of instructions.

Each block is one legal tariff line, not one shipment or dollar of trade. Change the product group above and this mix changes with it.

Chapter 20184 lines
14Duty-free
93Percentage of value
73Amount per unit
4Combined or other formula

Across all 2,162 lines, 616 are duty-free, 738 use only a percentage, 672 use an amount per unit, and 136 use a combined or other formula.

03 · Read percentage rates

Compare like with like.

This view uses only lines written as a percentage of customs value. Per-unit and combined rates stay out because they cannot be compared without shipment quantity and value.

Percentage-only lines93
Middle rate8%
Middle half4.5%–12%
28
Under 5%
26
5–9.9%
28
10–14.9%
8
15–24.9%
1
25–49.9%
2
50%+
Count rates at or above10%

39 of this chapter’s percentage-only lines meet that threshold.

04 · Look up a tariff line

One food name can lead to several rates.

Search the abbreviated legal descriptions. Select a result to read the exact ordinary rate printed in the annual file.

First eight lines in Prepared fruit and vegetables

What this can—and cannot—show

The schedule describes rules, not what shoppers paid.

The 2025 annual file contains 13,100 tariff lines. This project keeps the 2,162 lines in food and farm chapters 1–24 and groups their ordinary “most favored nation” duty instructions. Every line counts once, so the figures are not weighted by imports, value, or use.

“Ordinary” is the default rate for countries with normal trade relations. Trade agreements, quota rules, temporary measures, additional duties, classification decisions, and shipment details may produce a different result. The annual database supports exploration; the official Harmonized Tariff Schedule governs.

Read the reduction and source notes

The reducer verifies the exact 4,656,847-byte USITC archive, its SHA-256, the 13,100-row schema, and all 2,162 unique chapter 1–24 codes. Rate-form groups follow the USITC code key: 0 is free, 7 is percentage of value, 1–2 are per-unit, and the remaining codes are combined or refer to another calculation. The page imports a checked-in snapshot and makes no data request in your browser.

I discovered the U.S. International Trade Commission Annual Tariff Data through the allowlisted Data.gov catalog, then verified the official 2025 archive, code key, open-data page, public-domain label, and agency citation guidance on October 21, 2026. A deterministic standard-library reducer pins the exact archive and turns 2,162 chapter 1–24 tariff lines into a static searchable snapshot.

Why this exists

The question

How are ordinary U.S. import duties distributed among duty-free, percentage, per-unit, and combined formulas across the food and farm product chapters of the 2025 tariff schedule?

What to try

Open prepared fruit and vegetables, compare its four rate forms, move the percentage threshold, then search an exact tariff line by food name or code.

Method and limits

About the data

I found the Annual Tariff Data through the allowlisted Data.gov catalog and followed it to the U.S. International Trade Commission DataWeb annual-download page. Data.gov identifies the series as a U.S. Government Work not covered by U.S. copyright and applies the U.S. Public Domain label. The USITC open-data page describes Annual Tariff Data as product-level tariff rates and effective dates. The agency's citation guidance says to cite the U.S. International Trade Commission's Tariff Database accessed through DataWeb and to consult the official Harmonized Tariff Schedule for official tariff information.

The reproducible standard-library Python builder downloads the exact 2025 annual archive, verifies its 4,656,847-byte size and SHA-256 `3547ab6d2ba53a04964518b890fe10ede43a0ceadc021ecd570df16da8f564bb`, and extracts the 5,451,213-byte `tariff_database_2025.txt` file. It checks the required schema, 13,100 source rows, 13,059 unique eight-digit codes, and 2,162 unique codes in Harmonized Tariff Schedule chapters 1 through 24. The archive's files are dated January 23, 2026, and I retrieved the archive October 21, 2026.

The four displayed rate forms follow the official USITC code key. Code 0 is free. Code 7 is an ad valorem duty, calculated as a percentage of customs value. Codes 1 and 2 use a specific amount multiplied by the first or second unit of quantity. Codes 3 through 6 combine specific, other, or percentage components; code 9 derives a duty using Harmonized Tariff Schedule procedures; and K, X, or T refer the user to the schedule. The experience groups the latter set as combined or other formulas and keeps the source's printed rate text for every line.

The 272,452-byte static browser snapshot has SHA-256 `ff38671034981fdc1a19276dae82c05fb2ea81bc05e9541473426eff86d96b9c`. It stores chapter, eight-digit code, abbreviated product description, grouped rate form, printed ordinary rate, and the numerical percentage only when the rate is purely percentage-based. Chapter summaries give each tariff line equal weight. Percentage distributions exclude free, per-unit, combined, and other formulas because those forms cannot be converted to a comparable percentage without shipment quantity, customs value, or additional schedule rules. The page imports the snapshot and makes no runtime request.

The experience describes tariff instructions, not trade volume, revenue, retail prices, or the duty actually paid on a shipment. A tariff line is not a unique consumer product, and the source descriptions are abbreviated legal labels. Quota status, country of origin, trade agreements, special programmes, temporary measures, additional duties, classification rulings, and shipment facts can change the applicable rate. Counts are unweighted. The annual database supports exploration, but the official Harmonized Tariff Schedule governs.

Skills used

  • Data analysis
  • Data engineering
  • Statistical reasoning
  • Visualization
  • Information design
  • Interaction design
  • Visual design
  • Creative coding
  • Product thinking
  • Editorial storytelling
  • Accessibility
  • Performance
  • Systems design

What the data shows

  1. Among 2,162 tariff lines in chapters 1–24, 616 are duty-free, 738 use only a percentage, 672 use an amount per unit, and 136 use a combined or other formula. That makes per-unit and formula lines 37.4% of the total.
  2. Among the 738 percentage-only lines, the middle rate is 7.9% and the middle half runs from 4.5% to 11.2%. Twenty-eight lines are at least 25%, and 13 are at least 50%.
  3. Fish and shellfish has 234 duty-free lines among 279, or 83.9%. Dairy, eggs, and honey has only two duty-free lines among 259; its schedule is split mainly between 124 percentage-only and 122 per-unit lines.
  4. Seven tobacco lines are written at 350%, the highest percentage-only rate in the selected chapters. Several peanut and peanut-butter lines are 131.8% or 163.8%, but nearby quota-qualified lines can be free, showing why the complete legal line matters.